India’s association with cotton is ancient and deeply rooted in its culture and economy. For over 5,000 years, cotton has been a key agricultural product in India, playing a central role in shaping the country’s textile industry and contributing to its rich heritage. From ancient civilizations to modern-day production, India’s cotton industry has had a profound impact not just domestically, but globally. Loreto, based in Ahmedabad, India’s textile hub, carries forward this legacy, providing premium cotton products while ensuring sustainability and luxury.

Early Beginnings: The Indus Valley Civilization (3000 BCE)

Cotton’s origins in India can be traced back to the Indus Valley Civilization (circa 3000 BCE). Archaeological evidence from Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa—two of the world’s oldest cities—shows that the people of this civilization cultivated and spun cotton. India is considered the birthplace of cotton cultivation, and the Indus Valley is believed to be the first place where cotton fibers were processed into cloth.

The Sanskrit word "karpasa" for cotton appears in ancient texts like the Rigveda (circa 1500 BCE), highlighting the longstanding relationship between India and cotton.

The Role of Cotton in Ancient India’s Economy

By the 2nd millennium BCE, cotton textiles were already being produced and highly regarded in India. Indian cotton fabrics, especially muslin, became widely traded and were highly valued in the Roman Empire and China. Cotton was not just a fabric but a symbol of Indian craftsmanship. Chintz, a fabric with intricate patterns and designs, was developed during this period and became an important export, contributing to India’s growing global trade.

British Colonial Rule and the Industrial Decline

During the British colonial era, India’s cotton industry faced several challenges. Although India continued to produce cotton, much of it was exported as raw material to Britain, where it was processed in industrial mills. British policies restricted the domestic production of cotton textiles, leading to a steep decline in India’s once-thriving textile industry.

The Rise of Cotton Mills in India (1850s - Early 20th Century)

The cotton mill industry in India began in the mid-19th century. The first cotton mill was established in Mumbai in 1854, marking the start of industrial cotton production in India. The city of Ahmedabad became a key player in India’s textile industry during this time, with more mills being set up in the region. Ahmedabad earned the title of the “Manchester of India” due to its pivotal role in cotton production.

Post-Independence and the Growth of Cotton Farming (1947-1960s)

After gaining independence in 1947, India worked hard to revitalize its cotton industry. The introduction of new agricultural technologies, particularly during the Green Revolution of the 1960s, helped increase cotton yields significantly. India also began adopting high-yielding cotton varieties and improving farming practices, making the country more self-sufficient in cotton production.

Modern Day: India as a Leading Global Cotton Supplier (2000-Present)

Today, India is one of the largest producers of cotton globally, with production reaching over 36 million bales annually (source: Indian Cotton Federation, 2024). The country is a major exporter of cotton yarn and plays a key role in the global textile industry. Cities like Ahmedabad, Coimbatore, and Mumbai remain central to India’s cotton and textile industry.

India is also embracing sustainable farming practices, such as organic cotton production, making the country a leader in eco-friendly cotton farming. This shift to organic cotton has gained momentum, particularly in regions like Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat, where organic cotton production is on the rise.

Sustainability and the Future of Cotton in India

The future of India’s cotton industry is closely linked with sustainability. As concerns about environmental impact grow, the Indian cotton industry is moving toward more eco-friendly practices. Organic cotton farming, which avoids harmful chemicals, has seen a surge in India, particularly in states like Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat.

This change reflects the increasing global demand for sustainable and eco-conscious products. By 2025, India is projected to increase its cotton production, reaching 38-40 million bales annually (source: Cotton Corporation of India). Additionally, 2025 is expected to be a year where organic cotton farming becomes a significant contributor to the country’s cotton production, further reducing environmental impact.

Conclusion

India’s cotton industry has a long and storied history, from the Indus Valley Civilization to the modern-day cotton mills of Ahmedabad and Coimbatore. Cotton has played an essential role in India’s economic development, from its export to ancient civilizations to its present status as a global leader in cotton production.

At Loreto, we honor this legacy by offering premium, eco-friendly cotton products that reflect India’s heritage and commitment to sustainability. We are dedicated to providing the finest cotton products that offer comfort, luxury, and sustainability, respecting the hard work of the farmers and artisans who make it possible.